Leah Goldrick provides her answer in this
guest post, which is a slightly modified version of an article originally published
on her excellent blog, Common Sense Ethics .
We all want to be happy. But could it be that we have
our understanding of happiness all wrong? The general definition of
happiness is philosophically unsophisticated. It pretty much boils down to the
ongoing experience of positive emotions and a lack of negative ones. Life
is about more than just moving yourself around, spending money and enjoying
your next fix. Is our unphilosophical (and perhaps incomplete)
understanding of happiness why so many of us are miserable according to mental health statistics?
Is there a missing moral component at the root of happiness? The ancient Greeks definitely thought so, and it turns out that genomic research conducted by Barbara Frederickson, which has previously been discussed on Freedom and Flourishing, indicates that we may be biologically wired for what they called eudaimonia (from daimon, or true nature). Differing from hedonism (pleasure or self gratification), eudaimonia is often translated as flourishing or living well, with a sense of noble purpose, virtue, and connection to others.
In other words, real happiness is impossible without virtue - or arete in ancient Greek. Arete means excellent character, or reaching your highest human potential. Eudaimonia not only protects our physical and mental health at the cellular level, it may lead to a long term, more profound sense of well being.
Is there a missing moral component at the root of happiness? The ancient Greeks definitely thought so, and it turns out that genomic research conducted by Barbara Frederickson, which has previously been discussed on Freedom and Flourishing, indicates that we may be biologically wired for what they called eudaimonia (from daimon, or true nature). Differing from hedonism (pleasure or self gratification), eudaimonia is often translated as flourishing or living well, with a sense of noble purpose, virtue, and connection to others.
In other words, real happiness is impossible without virtue - or arete in ancient Greek. Arete means excellent character, or reaching your highest human potential. Eudaimonia not only protects our physical and mental health at the cellular level, it may lead to a long term, more profound sense of well being.
So what do we do if we want to experience eudaimonia? How do we reach our highest potential?
There are 3 concrete steps that you can take to be happy in the ancient Greek sense. First, you must acknowledge that virtue is necessary for happiness. Eudaimonia is about more than just feeling good, it is about becoming the best person that you can be. Second, you must do the inner work that is necessary to truly "know yourself," as Socrates said when he quoted the Delphic Oracle. And finally, you must take action and apply your unique talents and gifts in life for the good of yourself and others.
1. Understand That Virtue Is Necessary For Happiness
What is happiness anyway? The experience of pleasure?
The absence of pain? Gaining things that bring you contentment? The
enjoyment of life? It seems like there is something missing here. An
entire industry of motivational speakers and self-help gurus revolve
the concept of well being, but each of them probably interprets
happiness differently.
Various Eastern and New Age philosophies offer a different definition of happiness, one that is interesting and perhaps more complete - that happiness is the byproduct of our life's journey, and not a destination to be arrived at or something to be gained. But rather a state of mind or a sense of flow. This definition is closer to eudaimonia, but still morally agnostic.
It was the ancient Greeks who offered the most compelling definition of happiness, one that includes an ethical dimension - eudaimonia. Aristotle was the first philosopher to really flush out the concept of eudaimonia, but Plato's writings, as well as Socrates', contained elements of it. Aristotle felt that happiness in the modern, hedonic sense was a vulgar concept. Not all pleasures lead to well-being. In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle notes that "Living well and doing good are the same as being happy."
The Stoics went even further than Aristotle and argued that only virtue is necessary for happiness. Aristotle thought that some elements of hedonic happiness, such as having good food, a home, family, leisure, and so on, were necessary for a good life. But a good life was incomplete without also pursuing excellence. We don't live well only by amusing ourselves.
The ancient moral dimensions of happiness through virtue and excellent character were lost sometime in the interceding millennia. But Barbara Frederickson's recent genetic study seems to support Aristotle's position, or maybe the Pythagorean position. While hedonia is somewhat necessary, it is eudaimonia which benefits us the most:
Various Eastern and New Age philosophies offer a different definition of happiness, one that is interesting and perhaps more complete - that happiness is the byproduct of our life's journey, and not a destination to be arrived at or something to be gained. But rather a state of mind or a sense of flow. This definition is closer to eudaimonia, but still morally agnostic.
It was the ancient Greeks who offered the most compelling definition of happiness, one that includes an ethical dimension - eudaimonia. Aristotle was the first philosopher to really flush out the concept of eudaimonia, but Plato's writings, as well as Socrates', contained elements of it. Aristotle felt that happiness in the modern, hedonic sense was a vulgar concept. Not all pleasures lead to well-being. In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle notes that "Living well and doing good are the same as being happy."
The Stoics went even further than Aristotle and argued that only virtue is necessary for happiness. Aristotle thought that some elements of hedonic happiness, such as having good food, a home, family, leisure, and so on, were necessary for a good life. But a good life was incomplete without also pursuing excellence. We don't live well only by amusing ourselves.
The ancient moral dimensions of happiness through virtue and excellent character were lost sometime in the interceding millennia. But Barbara Frederickson's recent genetic study seems to support Aristotle's position, or maybe the Pythagorean position. While hedonia is somewhat necessary, it is eudaimonia which benefits us the most:
“We can make ourselves happy through simple pleasures,
but those ‘empty calories’ don’t help us broaden our awareness or build our
capacity in ways that benefit us physically,” she said. “At the cellular level,
our bodies appear to respond better to a different kind of well-being, one
based on a sense of connectedness and purpose. Understanding the cascade to
gene expression will help inform further work in these areas,”
Frederickson states.
Frederickson's research may also offer some insight
into the theory of hedonic adaptation - that people are observed to revert back
to prior levels of happiness soon after experiencing something pleasurable.
Pleasures may make us happy in the short term, but they are fleeting and unable
to provide us with long term health benefits and a sense of well being that
comes from working to improve ourselves and becoming the best person that we
can be.
2. Know Yourself
The phrase "Know thyself," or GnÅthi
sauton in Greek, is typically attributed to Socrates because he often
used it. But it has its roots in the legend of the founding of ancient
Greece. As the story goes, 7 sages and law givers gathered at Delphi and laid
the foundations for Western civilization. They had the phrase inscribed on
the entrance to the sacred oracle. "Know thyself," has been the
philosopher's clarion call ever since.
Plato believed that the human psyche has 3 parts: logical (or intellectual), spirited (having to do with action and the courage to be good) and appetitive (having to do with desires and emotion). In the just person, all three parts of soul agree that the logical must rule, bringing the other 2 parts - the spirit and the emotions - into a state of good or concordance.
The point here is that if you want to be happy, you can't be internally at war with yourself. You must bring your intellect, emotions, and actions into harmony with each other. Otherwise, you might experience a situation where you desire something that you know to be wrong intellectually - and the result is often bad decisions and unhappiness.
The psychologist Carl Jung believed that accepting and Integrating the shadow into your conscious personality is a great way to flush out any internal contradictions withing your psyche. The result of shadow work is the full integration of the self, leading to a better understanding of your true nature, or daimon in Greek.
If you don't know how to begin doing shadow work, my Knowing Yourself Better Questionnaire is a good place to start. I can say that this technique has helped me personally.
Plato believed that the human psyche has 3 parts: logical (or intellectual), spirited (having to do with action and the courage to be good) and appetitive (having to do with desires and emotion). In the just person, all three parts of soul agree that the logical must rule, bringing the other 2 parts - the spirit and the emotions - into a state of good or concordance.
The point here is that if you want to be happy, you can't be internally at war with yourself. You must bring your intellect, emotions, and actions into harmony with each other. Otherwise, you might experience a situation where you desire something that you know to be wrong intellectually - and the result is often bad decisions and unhappiness.
The psychologist Carl Jung believed that accepting and Integrating the shadow into your conscious personality is a great way to flush out any internal contradictions withing your psyche. The result of shadow work is the full integration of the self, leading to a better understanding of your true nature, or daimon in Greek.
If you don't know how to begin doing shadow work, my Knowing Yourself Better Questionnaire is a good place to start. I can say that this technique has helped me personally.
3. Find Your Life's Purpose
Can you be truly fulfilled without knowing
what you are living for? Once you understand yourself at a deep level, you will
know where you can best contribute your unique talents in the world. As
sense of noble purpose rooted in meaning is the is the final step
towards eudaimonia or flourishing.
We all have free will to make choices that improve our well-being. This tendency towards growth and flourishing is common to both the Greek philosophical tradition and modern humanistic psychology. The psychologist Carl Rogers states:
We all have free will to make choices that improve our well-being. This tendency towards growth and flourishing is common to both the Greek philosophical tradition and modern humanistic psychology. The psychologist Carl Rogers states:
‘...man's tendency to actualize himself, to become
potentialities. By this I mean the directional trend which is evident in all
organic and human life - the urge to expand, develop, mature - the tendency to
express and activate all the capacities of the organism and the self. This
tendency may become deeply buried under layer after layer of encrusted
psychological defences; it may be hidden behind elaborate facades that deny its
existence; it is my belief, however, based on my experience, that it exists in
every individual, and awaits only the proper conditions to be released and
expressed'.
Make sure that your activities in life have a noble
purpose. Each of us has special talents that we can use to make the
world a better place. The daimon, or true nature, refers to a your
highest potential, and when you put your potential into action, happiness
is the result.
A good, happy life, is the result of a virtuous character, self acceptance, and continual striving towards excellence.
You May Also Like:
4 Life Lessons We Can Learn From The Cynics
The Shadow: How Introspection Can Teach You Everything You Need to Know About Yourself
A good, happy life, is the result of a virtuous character, self acceptance, and continual striving towards excellence.
You May Also Like:
4 Life Lessons We Can Learn From The Cynics
The Shadow: How Introspection Can Teach You Everything You Need to Know About Yourself
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